Im Fall E-Shops Corp. v. U.S. Bank National Association behauptete dies die Klägerin, die die kartenausstellende Bank wegen Beihilfe zum Betrug zur Haftung heranziehen wollte. Das Urteil des Bundesberufungsgerichts des achten Bezirks der USA vom 18. Mai 2012 erklärt ausführlich die haftungsbegründenden Umstände, doch ebenso lesenswert das Nichtvorliegen aller Tatbestandsmerkmale:
A plaintiff who makes allegations based on fraud must state with particularity the circumstances constituting the fraud; although malice, intent, knowledge, and other conditions of a person’s mind may be alleged generally. Fed. R. Civ. P. 9(b); Summerhill v. Terminix, Inc., 637 F.3d 877, 880 (8th Cir. 2011). Rule 9(b)’s particularity requirement for fraud applies equally to a claim for aiding and abetting. Am. United Life Ins. Co. v. Martinez, 480 F.3d 1043, 1064-65 (11th Cir. 2007). The level of particularity required depends on the nature of a case. BJC Health Sys. v. Columbia Cas. Co., 478 F.3d 908, 917 (8th Cir. 2007). However, “[c]onclusory allegations that a defendant’s conduct was fraudulent and deceptive are not sufficient to satisfy the rule.” Id. … Instead, the complaint must set forth the “who, what, when, where, and how” surrounding the alleged fraud.