In Sachen International Information Systems Security Certification Consortium Inc. v. Security University LLC konzentrierte sich in New York City das Bundesberufungsgericht des zweiten Bezirks der USA am 18. Mai 2016 auf den zweiten Punkt, den die beklagte Universität samt ihrer Gründerin mit der Einrede des nominative Fair Use anfochten:
We hold that the district court erred in considering source confusion to be the only type of confusion relevant in an infringement claim, and failing to give serious consideration to, for example, confusion as to sponsorship, affiliation, or connection. We hold that the district court further erred in failing to consider that a certification mark can be infringed by a duly certified individual. Finally, we hold that the district court erred in applying solely the Ninth Circuit's test for nominative fair use, instead of applying our Court's Polaroid test.Das Gericht rügte in seiner 42-seitigen Begründung, dass das Untergericht den Fair Use an den Merkmalen des Bundesberufungsgerichts in San Francisco statt den in seinem Bezirks geltenden maß und hob das Urteil zugunsten der Universität auf. Es setzte folgende Leitlinien für die Prüfung im zweiten Bezirk, der die Staaten New York, Vermont und Connecticut erfasst:
[C]ourts are to consider (1) whether the use of the 1 plaintiff's mark is necessary to describe both the plaintiff's product or service and the defendant's product or service, that is, whether the product or service is not readily identifiable without use of the mark; (2) whether the defendant uses only so much of the plaintiff's mark as is necessary to identify the product or service; and (3) whether the defendant did anything that would, in conjunction with the mark, suggest sponsorship or endorsement by the plaintiff holder, that is, whether the defendant's conduct or language reflects the true or accurate relationship between plaintiff's and defendant’s products or services.